“首屆國際社會(huì )學(xué)論壇”在西班牙巴塞羅那舉行
——首屆國際社會(huì )學(xué)論壇紀要
(2008年9月18)
馬惠娣
一
由國際社會(huì )學(xué)協(xié)會(huì )(聯(lián)合國教科文組織所屬的機構,成立于1947年)主辦,巴塞羅那市政府和巴塞羅那社會(huì )學(xué)協(xié)會(huì )協(xié)辦,巴塞羅那大學(xué)承辦的“首屆國際社會(huì )學(xué)論壇”于2008年9月5-8日在西班牙巴塞羅那舉行。來(lái)自世界數十個(gè)國家的約2000名代表出席了會(huì )議。
開(kāi)幕式上,國際社會(huì )學(xué)協(xié)會(huì )主席米希爾·維偉奧卡、該協(xié)會(huì )研究與論壇組委會(huì )副主席奧特羅·羅德芮格、西班牙社會(huì )學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì )主席埃米奧·拉默·埃斯伯納撒、西班牙加泰羅尼亞社會(huì )學(xué)協(xié)會(huì )主席奧瑞爾·胡姆斯先后致辭。
他們認為:目前人類(lèi)社會(huì )所處的時(shí)代有兩大特點(diǎn):一是全球一體化的趨勢愈來(lái)愈強,二是社會(huì )變革的步伐愈來(lái)愈快。這給社會(huì )學(xué)學(xué)者的觀(guān)察視角和研究領(lǐng)域提出了許多新課題,同時(shí)也帶來(lái)新挑戰。歷來(lái),社會(huì )學(xué)學(xué)者雖然不能直接參與各種重大社會(huì )決策,但是卻都以自己不同的學(xué)術(shù)研究方法參與社會(huì )學(xué)的理論建構與社會(huì )實(shí)踐,用他們的深思熟慮和遠見(jiàn)卓識影響社會(huì )的發(fā)展。社會(huì )學(xué)尤其以開(kāi)放性、跨學(xué)科性、包容性產(chǎn)生的學(xué)科魅力吸引了公共的參與與辯論,形成了社會(huì )學(xué)在未來(lái)發(fā)展的基礎。此次會(huì )議正是在這一學(xué)科背景下,吸引了世界各國的學(xué)術(shù)精英參與其中。他們希望社會(huì )學(xué)不再是一種少數派的深奧語(yǔ)言,而是文化大家庭中的一員。幾位致辭者共同祝愿社會(huì )學(xué)研究者仍一如既往地以理性與智慧,為社會(huì )、為營(yíng)造人類(lèi)美好的生活環(huán)境做出更多的努力,取得豐碩的學(xué)術(shù)成果。
巴塞羅那市長(cháng)出席閉幕式,并在會(huì )上致閉幕詞。
二
本次會(huì )議主題是:“社會(huì )學(xué)研究論壇與公共辯論”,圍繞“全球一體化”和“社會(huì )轉型”做不同方面的討論。
國際社會(huì )學(xué)協(xié)會(huì )擁有40余個(gè)不同學(xué)科的研究委員會(huì ),每個(gè)研究委員會(huì )都有各自的討論熱點(diǎn),比如:社會(huì )變化與社會(huì )問(wèn)題,公共話(huà)題與科學(xué)家的社會(huì )實(shí)踐,志愿者與老年福利,以生態(tài)經(jīng)濟學(xué)為基礎的知識評價(jià),移民的社會(huì )現象,婦女與社會(huì ),青少年與社會(huì ),科學(xué)與社會(huì ),技術(shù)與社會(huì )等數百個(gè)議題在這次論壇中被討論與論辨。
尤為引人注意的是,有多個(gè)研究成果是關(guān)注休閑問(wèn)題的。這個(gè)議題不僅是休閑研究委員會(huì )的主打題目,而且像青年研究委員會(huì )、教育研究委員會(huì )、旅游研究委員會(huì )等等都選擇了休閑這一話(huà)題。
休閑研究委員會(huì )參與本次論壇與辯論的主題是“轉型社會(huì )與休閑”,入選的論文有百十余篇,涉及的題目有:
“家庭與休閑之間互補性思考”
“休閑與社會(huì )轉型——后共產(chǎn)主義時(shí)代為例”
“休閑社會(huì )的生活”
“游憩組織與提升大學(xué)生健康水平”
“休閑與教育”、“創(chuàng )造性休閑活動(dòng)的積極影響”
“休閑與感覺(jué)良好的社會(huì )”
“休閑、健康和福利”
“年輕家庭的健康、福利與休閑”
“工作和個(gè)人生活的平衡——休閑的存在”
“作為工作的休閑——休閑管理概念”
“休閑在社會(huì )空間中的分離”
“休閑能促進(jìn)身心的融合”
“休閑與精神營(yíng)養”
“休閑的倫理與法律問(wèn)題”
“游戲運動(dòng)與性別”
“性別與休閑”
“游憩與休閑的社會(huì )市場(chǎng)”
“城市公共休閑空間與休閑空間”
“休閑與城市化”
“運動(dòng)與休閑”
“轉型社會(huì ):對傳統休閑價(jià)值的回望”
“文化與休閑政策”
“全球一體化中的休閑與旅游”
“世界視野內的休閑與旅游批判”
“年輕人嚴肅旅游與綠色動(dòng)機承諾的效果”
“休閑與老齡化社會(huì )”
“老年人時(shí)間利用模式”
“運動(dòng)科學(xué)視野內科學(xué)技術(shù)的社會(huì )學(xué)分析”
“青年文化與消費者技術(shù)”
“兒童與休閑”
“青年、休閑與生活方式”
“作為日常用品的休閑”
“休閑時(shí)光中的活動(dòng)與青年在田園中的互動(dòng)”
“傳媒視角中的生活周期:休閑產(chǎn)業(yè)與動(dòng)態(tài)的訴求”
“歐洲瘋狂足球青年的本質(zhì)、趨勢及心理學(xué)的實(shí)踐”
“城市鄰里間的兒童休閑行為”
“城市規劃影響青少年休閑參與行為”
“青少年中休閑伙伴選擇的比較研究”
上述是這次會(huì )議休閑研究委員會(huì )錄取的會(huì )議論文的一部分題目。其它委員會(huì )的部分論文題目附后。因為各組的討論都同時(shí)進(jìn)行,有些相關(guān)的討論便無(wú)法聽(tīng)到。
三
此次休閑問(wèn)題討論的特點(diǎn)是:
第一,參與此次會(huì )議的代表以歐洲代表為主,北美學(xué)者次之,亞洲學(xué)者主要來(lái)自印度,中國學(xué)者(從會(huì )議文集中看)只有6-7人,包括大陸、香港、臺灣、留學(xué)美國。
第二,論文的國際視野較強,一般都突出了“全球一體化”與“社會(huì )轉型”這兩大時(shí)代特點(diǎn)。
第三,歐洲學(xué)者的研究視野突出了休閑學(xué)科的本質(zhì)——更注重人文關(guān)懷的選題與案例分析。
第四,學(xué)術(shù)的開(kāi)放性,一是論文本身所討論的問(wèn)題的多樣性;二是會(huì )議方式開(kāi)放。所有小組討論都在巴塞羅那大學(xué)的各校區的教室中進(jìn)行,任何人都可以參與討論。
第五,兒童、青少年與休閑問(wèn)題占了很大的比重。
第六,文化的、心理的、行為方式的休閑研究更被關(guān)注。
第七,研究方法與思路更新穎。
第八,歐美國家學(xué)者的研究視野更開(kāi)闊、觀(guān)點(diǎn)更新穎、方法更先進(jìn)、跨學(xué)科性更強。從聽(tīng)到的發(fā)言中能感受到歐美學(xué)者對休閑研究所具有的人文情懷和社會(huì )責任感。
第九,印度社會(huì )學(xué)學(xué)者關(guān)注休閑研究領(lǐng)域的人比中國學(xué)者多,涉及的問(wèn)題有現實(shí)意義。
本次會(huì )議的不足是:
第一,由于不同的研究委員會(huì )和參會(huì )代表太多,所以會(huì )議安排很分散,加之都在不同的校區教室,而這些教室散落在巴塞羅那城區內的各個(gè)小巷中,找起來(lái)很費時(shí)。
第二,此次論壇強調討論與辯論,事實(shí)上,雖然不是所有人都安排發(fā)言,但為發(fā)言者提供20分鐘的演講,根本沒(méi)有討論與辯論的時(shí)間。
第三,所有代表的住宿都是“各自為政”,代表之間會(huì )外的溝通、交流很有局限性。
筆者與劉耳教授合作完成的題目為:“社會(huì )轉型:對中國傳統休閑價(jià)值的回望”的論文在會(huì )上得到了交流。我們在論文中大致陳述了這樣的思想:“在中國5000年漫長(cháng)歷史進(jìn)程中,休閑作為一種亞文化形態(tài),對傳承儒家、道家、佛家文化傳統,對塑造中國人的價(jià)值觀(guān)和道德倫理,對提升人的品格教養、風(fēng)度禮儀等方面,始終發(fā)揮著(zhù)重要的作用。但是, 近一百多年來(lái),伴隨中國幾次大的社會(huì )轉型, 致使傳統休閑價(jià)值被肢解的愈來(lái)愈凌亂。尤其自20世紀80年代以來(lái),中國進(jìn)入了現代化的轉型期——經(jīng)濟的迅猛發(fā)展,產(chǎn)業(yè)格局的重大改組,文化形態(tài)的多樣化、多元化、多層化,生活方式中的現代化、時(shí)尚化、西方化等諸多因素的融入,休閑價(jià)值的精髓也愈來(lái)愈多地被物質(zhì)主義所浸染。加劇了傳統休閑價(jià)值在當代的解構與重構。正是在這一背景下,我們呼喚人們,回望休閑文化傳統的底蘊與價(jià)值,希冀為可持續發(fā)展與和諧社會(huì )的各種期許尋找新思路。”此文受到《世界休閑雜志》主編羅伯茨教授的青睞,與筆者做了交流并希望準予發(fā)表。
北京旅游學(xué)院寧則群、羅震鵬兩位教授與之共同參加會(huì )議,并在會(huì )上交流了他們的論文。
四
筆者作為該委員會(huì )的委員,參與了委員會(huì )的工作討論。應本委員會(huì )主席之邀,在工作會(huì )議上陳述了關(guān)于2009年在中國舉辦國際社會(huì )學(xué)協(xié)會(huì )休閑研究委員會(huì )第一屆學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì )的具體設想。會(huì )議主題、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、規模、組織委員會(huì )等都在進(jìn)一步的磋商中。
筆者在會(huì )議期間,還就組織翻譯第三套“休閑研究譯叢”與羅伯茨、蘇珊·蕭等人進(jìn)行了溝通,請他們推薦近年來(lái)歐洲學(xué)者的代表著(zhù)。值得欣慰的是我們已經(jīng)翻譯的十本書(shū)幾乎都在他們推薦的范圍內。我告訴他們,中國學(xué)者將從更廣闊的視野內和不同的專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域內采擷、吸收、借鑒西方學(xué)者的研究成果。
會(huì )議期間,筆者考察了巴塞羅那作為歐洲休閑度假勝地,特別是海濱休閑度假的發(fā)展軌跡與成功模式的可資借鑒之處。會(huì )后,筆者還游歷了地中海沿岸的國家與城市,對休閑與人、社會(huì )、自然的關(guān)系做了進(jìn)一步的思考;對如何休閑度假、如何發(fā)展休閑經(jīng)濟有了切身體驗和直接感受;對構建可持續發(fā)展與和諧社會(huì )產(chǎn)生了新思路。
盡管,筆者剛一到達巴塞羅那便被自己的疏忽將裝有最重要的證件、物品的背包(含護照、身份證、三張信用卡、一張保險卡、旅行支票、現金、U盤(pán)、照相機、攝像機、翻譯器)遺忘在從機場(chǎng)到市區的大巴車(chē)上。幸運的是,第二天早上背包被送回來(lái)了,里邊還有護照和旅行支票。如果能把U盤(pán)也退給我就好了,因為那里有我制作的精美的PPT文件。為了做好這個(gè)PPT我拍了許多照片,包括北京奧運會(huì )、奧運會(huì )場(chǎng)館、市民休閑生活、北京公園等多幅照片。遺憾,我的演講沒(méi)有我的PPT。
五
附錄部分聽(tīng)會(huì )記錄:
08.sep.2008
Location:URL A201
Children , youth and leisure aspiration
By: Taija Tdoren
Rethinking young people’s leisure in the context of the Finnish welfare state.
The ideal of AUTONOMY frames the ethos if leisure organizers.
Ethnic hierarchies
Value& Meaning of leisure?
An idle time? A risky business? A lonely space? A sphere for fun and emotional and cultural exploration? A possibility for societal( civic) engagement? Instrumental value?
Methological issues: how to catch ‘a(chǎn)lternative knowledge’ on leisure, when ‘nothing’ is happening?
Youth lifestyle, leisure conditions, and practices in daily life.
By: Kleanthis Sirakoulis ( Greece)
Does city planning effect young people participation?
Leisure provision- design to attract young people- determinative of the lifestyle.
Mean of leisure time for youth: 37.41+/- 17.8 hours/ week.
Youngth has more free time:
- Economical reasons: no economical weight. E.g: relaxing, radio, DVD, computer games, all home base activities, which, does not require ‘spending’.
- Conclusion: lack of cultural and sport facilities is a result of urban mis-planning.
High cost of living create dissatisfaction about quality of life.
By:Rashimi Jain
Glaobalisation-children less dependent.
More computer game/phone pack
- no longer communicate with other children, therefore becoming social incapable. Means of 4.1 hour leisure time per day, 2.1 hours study, 4.2 hours computer game.
- No time for other leisure activities.
- More competitive.
- 18% pornographic website in Japur. Families and parents responsible for this results.
- All leisure industry target children: leisure is created, child is lost.
By: Ken Roberts
Geogeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan.
Personal leisure careers:
- how to identify and measure them?
- What do we find?
- What value is added vis-à-vis evidence cross sectional life stage?
Consideration: 31-37 years old, education background, labour market, housing, family relationship, leisure.
Differences widen by: social class and place. NOT by: gender or pace of family careers( how early people get married and have kids)
Value added: - life stage developmental process, not macro-historical trends, drive change in leisure. From 1995, GDP has grown up more than 10% per year,.
- change driven by age not by historical changes
- same pattern of change in all social group.
- Spurious cross- sectional relationship.
- Age group 16-30, responsible of motherhood, keep out women from leisure/sports.
- Higher education—higher sports participation.
Portuguese internet using
- Youngsters use internet mainly for educational purpose and entertainment .(games, communication, web surfing). E.g: students
- older and more qualified users use the internet for a cast and frequently simultaneous array of activities: work, news, communication, shopping and leisure. E.g: professionals.
Constant communication: more than 30% in Portugal has/ use internet.
- Equilibrium between work and leisure. E.g: check personal email and chat with friends whilst working.
- Computer and internet have become ubiquitous tools; they are used at home, work, when people commute between them, on vocation, when traveling. Internet has become a fundamental thing in live for most people.
By: Dr. Ake Nilsen
Topic: Technology and masculinity in the context of scuba diving.
Technology as : - tool
- human action
- how to utilize and organize the world
How is technology perceived and managed?
- the practical knowledge
- embodiment
- trust
- rational approach
Discussion:
- risk-activity- irrational choice.
- Rational approach to technology- the second skin- legitimates the activity.
- Contradictory masculinity: irrational or rational? As in general, masculinity replaces the technology through his own physical build.
By: Alan Law
Topic: undesirable, unemployables, and social malingerers containing a sober ‘ leisure society’.
Welfare state behave as regulate the workplace.
Leisure identities: travelers, and alcoholics( in Australia)
- problems of idleness shift between historical epthchs erecting particular identities as objects and subjects of governance.
- Alcoholic: desire to get drunk, is this a lifestyle choice? Continuity record in bureaucratic record, therefore regulated.
- Main thrust of technique is trying material dependency to identities valorized via the use of ‘laziness’- hence a re-distribution issue.
- Linkage of drunkenness and laziness as a character position varies according to main ‘ moral contagion’- main problem.
Conclusion:
- intoxication an important site to locate the dysfunctional and illiberal will.
- Managing the dysfunctional will is an important way to prevent’ leisure society’ breaks that threaten the productive order.
- The non-rational or irresponsible are unwilling to accept the structure of the ‘work first then leisure’, relation by making their whole lives a descent into a state of pleasure within which liberal exchange relations find no hold.
- Society regulated the’ fun’ we have?
By: Frances Lobo
Topic: The social transformation of Australian leisure and emerge of participation.
4 kinds of time:
- Necessary time: greater in female. E.g: needs of grooming. Sleeping- female more than male: 8:30 Vs 8:32
- Contracted time ( i.e: work): study, work, education. Male dominated.
- Committed time: having children, set up house, volunteer. Women more dominated.
- Leisure time: parallel
By Susan Shaw
Only 17% of traditional family left in Canada.
New idea about being a ‘good parent’.
Responsibilities: children’s safety, health (both physical and psychological), achievement.
- Involvement in children’s daily life
- Emotion connection
- Particular responsibility: outdoor sports.
Intense motherhood: all aspects of children’s development.
Key issue: Conformity
Implication on leisure:
- control over children’s time: increase in organized activities for children
- increase in ‘purposive’ family leisure. Moral skills, lifestyle, for the sake of child’s development.
Questions to be ask:
- A devaluation of leisure?
- A loss of leisure?
- A melding of work and leisure?
Debate on The congress in China next year:
The conference has agreed and confirmed by the committees, a FORMAL REQUEST LETTER should be issued address to the ISA- leisure Research Committee.
Prof. Modi will be in charge of the invitation and socializing of the event. Should be expecting a 50-60 people from Modi side.
Issues still need to be solved:
- The date of the conference: Modi suggests early October but Ken Roberts think May or June will be better for academics.
- How much cost in terms of staying? Hotels? University guest house? How much does the conference committee cover?
- Should take the registration idea of ISA Barcelona forum, which means categories the registration groups. Different fees.
- The length of the conference.
- Need to ensure quality papers. Joint papers are welcomed. Also possibility of publishing afterwards.
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